Hexagram 21
噬嗑
Shì Kè
Biting Through
Upper Trigram
離 Lí
Fire — Clinging
Lower Trigram
震 Zhèn
Thunder — Arousing
Classical Texts
The Judgment
亨。利用獄。
The Image
電雷,噬嗑。先王以明罰勅法。
The Lines
Line 1
初九 履校滅趾。无咎。
Line 2
六二 噬膚滅鼻。无咎。
Line 3
六三 噬腊肉。遇毒。小吝。无咎。
Line 4
九四 噬乾胏。得金矢。利艱貞。吉。
Line 5
六五 噬乾肉。得黃金。貞厲。无咎。
Line 6
上九 何校滅耳。凶。

Judith Beheading Holofernes
Artemisia Gentileschi, 1620
Biting Through
Judith grips Holofernes by the hair, sword halfway through his neck. Artemisia Gentileschi painted this biblical execution in 1620, showing the widow and her maidservant in the act of decapitating the Assyrian general who besieged their city. The Baroque painter rendered the violence with surgical precision—blood spurts, muscles strain, the general's face contorts in the moment between life and death. An obstacle to survival meets decisive removal.
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This is Shì Hé (噬嗑), Biting Through—the character literally depicting teeth meeting through something lodged between them. The hexagram shows Fire (Lí) above Thunder (Zhèn): clarity and illumination over arousing force. In Zhou Dynasty legal proceedings, this configuration appeared when something blocked justice, when compromise had failed, when only forceful intervention could restore order. The image is forensic: to join upper and lower jaw, the obstruction must be bitten through. Gentileschi painted this biblical scene showing the widow Judith decapitating the Assyrian general Holofernes, who had besieged her city. The Baroque painter rendered the violent act with dramatic realism, depicting Judith and her maidservant in the midst of the execution. The subject addresses the removal of an obstacle through decisive action. The Judgment text addresses Gentileschi's scene directly: "Biting Through has success. It is favorable to let justice be administered." When normal channels are blocked, forceful clarity becomes necessary. Ancient diviners understood this hexagram as legal intervention—the moment when a judge passes sentence, when punishment removes what prevents social cohesion. Judith acts as judge and executioner, removing Holofernes not from personal grievance but to save her besieged people. The text promises success, but only when the obstruction genuinely prevents necessary union. The Image Text observes: "Thunder and lightning: the image of Biting Through. Thus the kings of old made firm the laws through clearly defined penalties." Lightning illuminates, thunder follows—understanding must precede force. Gentileschi painted Judith's face focused and determined, not enraged. The execution proceeds with the clarity of necessity, not the heat of revenge. In the I-Ching sequence, Biting Through follows Contemplation: after observing the situation from a distance, one identifies what must be removed and acts decisively. The next hexagram is Grace, when the obstacle is gone and proper adornment can proceed.
Yilin: Forest of Changes
From Jiao Yanshou's Forest of Changes (焦氏易林) — the verse for Hexagram 21 in its unchanging form. A Han dynasty collection of four-character verses interpreting every hexagram transformation.

麒麟鳳凰,善政德祥;陰陽和調,國無災殃。
Qilin and phoenix -- auspicious signs of benevolent rule. Yin and yang are harmonized and balanced; the kingdom suffers no calamity.
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Fire and thunder return to themselves — Biting Through reflecting upon its own nature. The qilin and the phoenix appear, signs of sage governance and virtuous omens. Yin and yang are harmoniously balanced, and the state knows no calamity. These auspicious creatures emerge only under a sage's rule: the qilin treads on no living grass, the phoenix nests in paulownia. Their arrival signals that the legal order of hexagram 21 has achieved its ultimate purpose — not perpetual punishment but the creation of conditions so just that punishment becomes unnecessary. The doubled hexagram completes the circle: law perfectly administered makes itself obsolete.
中文注释
電雷噬嗑,自化之象。麒麟鳳凰現世,善政德祥之瑞。陰陽和調,國無災殃。麒麟不踐生草,不害生物;鳳凰棲梧桐,飲醴泉——唯聖世方現。此二瑞獸之出,示噬嗑之法已達其極致:非永恆之刑罰,而是創造正義之境,使刑罰歸於無用。噬嗑自化,法度圓成即法度消隱。最完美之法治,是讓法治不再被需要。
Related Hexagrams
Same upper trigram: Fire (離)
Same lower trigram: Thunder (震)